Eye Examination and vision assessment are vital for the detection of conditions that result in blindness, signify serious systemic disease, lead to problems with school performance, or at worst, and threaten the child’s life. Through careful evaluation of the ocular system, retinal abnormalities, cataracts, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, strabismus, and neurologic disorders can be identified, and prompt treatment of these conditions can save vision or even life. Examination of the eyes should be performed beginning in the newborn period and at all well-child visits. Visual acuity measurement should be performed at the earliest possible age that is practical (usually at approximately 3 years of age). Early detection and prompt treatment of ocular disorders in children is important to avoid lifelong permanent visual impairment.