Subsistence farming is an agricultural practice focused on producing enough food to meet the basic needs of a family or community. It is characterized by small-scale farming methods, typically without the use of advanced machinery or technology. Subsistence farmers rely on traditional knowledge and labor-intensive techniques to cultivate crops and raise livestock. The primary objective of subsistence farming is self-sufficiency. Farmers grow a variety of crops and raise livestock for their own consumption rather than for sale in the market. This form of farming often takes place on small plots of land and utilizes natural fertilizers and pest control methods. Subsistence farming plays a crucial role in many developing regions where access to modern infrastructure and resources may be limited. It helps to alleviate food insecurity by providing a direct and immediate source of sustenance for families. Additionally, subsistence farming preserves traditional farming practices and local biodiversity, promoting sustainable agriculture. While subsistence farming can ensure survival in resource-constrained environments, it is also associated with challenges such as low productivity and vulnerability to climate fluctuations. As societies progress, subsistence farming often transitions to more commercialized forms of agriculture to meet the demands of a growing population and changing economic systems.

Dryland farming, sometimes referred to as dry farming or rainfed agriculture, is a practise of growing crops without irrigation systems or in areas with little to no rainfall. The only source of water is from natural precipitation. To preserve moisture and maximise the use of the available resources, this sort of farming necessitates careful management approaches. Several tactics are used by farmers who engage in dryland farming to increase crop yields under arid circumstances. They include choosing drought-tolerant crop types, applying soil conservation practises like contour ploughing and terracing to prevent erosion, and using water-saving irrigation systems like drip irrigation to reduce soil moisture loss. In arid and semi-arid areas where water scarcity is a persistent problem, drier farming is especially crucial. It enables farmers to cultivate crops in places where traditional irrigation techniques would not be practical or long-lasting. Dryland farmers may produce good crops and keep their land productive even in difficult areas by implementing sustainable practises and adjusting to the local climate and soil characteristics.

Types of Agriculture, the practice of cultivating plants and rearing animals for food, fiber, medicinal plants, and other products, encompasses various types across the world. Subsistence Agriculture: This type focuses on producing enough food to meet the needs of a family or a small community. It typically involves simple tools, traditional farming methods, and limited use of technology. Commercial Agriculture: This form aims at producing crops and livestock for sale in the market. It often utilizes large-scale farming techniques, machinery, and advanced technology to maximize yields and profits. Organic Agriculture: This method relies on natural fertilizers, crop rotation, and biological pest control instead of synthetic chemicals. It emphasizes sustainable practices, biodiversity, and ecological balance. Intensive Agriculture: This approach involves maximizing production on limited land by using high inputs of labor, capital, and technology. It includes techniques like hydroponics, greenhouse farming, and intensive livestock production. Extensive Agriculture: This type utilizes large land areas with low inputs per unit of land. It is commonly found in areas with abundant space and fewer labor resources, often involving livestock grazing and extensive crop cultivation.

Sericulture, or "silk farming," is the practise of raising silkworms for the purpose of producing silk. It is a long-standing custom that began approximately 5,000 years ago in China and has since spread throughout the globe. Mulberry trees, the main source of nutrition for silkworms, are grown as part of sericulture. Silkworm eggs are first hatched, after which they are raised in a controlled environment. The silkworms moult their skin repeatedly as they grow through several phases of development while eating mulberry leaves. After completely matured, the silkworms weave silk thread, which is created by their salivary glands, into cocoons. To extract the silk thread, these cocoons are carefully collected and boiled. Handling silk delicately and using excellent craftsmanship are necessary. After being spun into yarn, the silk strands are used to make pricey textiles. Sericulture contributes significantly to the economies of many nations and offers farmers and craftspeople options for a living. Silk is a treasured material in the fashion and textile industries all over the world because of its amazing beauty and feel.

Growing several crops in a predetermined order over a period of time on the same plot of land is a farming practise known as crop rotation. It is a useful method for increasing crop yields, controlling pests and diseases, and enhancing soil health. Crop rotation is based on the idea of alternating crops with various nutrient needs, growth patterns, and pest and disease susceptibilities. Farmers can disrupt pest and disease cycles by rotating their crops since some pests and illnesses may only attack particular plant types. Rotating crops also prevents the depletion of particular nutrients in the soil because various crops have varied nutritional requirements. Leguminous plants, like beans and peas, for instance, fix atmospheric nitrogen, enhancing the soil for succeeding crops. Crop rotation also improves soil structure, organic matter content, and water-holding ability, which results in better overall soil health. By lowering the use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides and encouraging ecologically friendly farming practises, this technique can support sustainable agriculture.

Preparation of soil is a crucial step in agriculture that involves modifying the soil to create an optimal environment for plant growth. It typically includes a series of activities such as plowing, tilling, and leveling the soil. These processes help to break up compacted soil, improve aeration, and facilitate the penetration of water and nutrients. Additionally, soil preparation involves the removal of weeds, rocks, and debris that can hinder plant growth. It also includes the incorporation of organic matter, such as compost or manure, to enhance soil fertility and structure. Proper soil preparation promotes seed germination, root development, and nutrient absorption, leading to healthier plants and increased crop yields.

The activity of gathering and storing rainwater for later use is known as rainwater harvesting. Rainwater from roofs, catchment areas, or other surfaces is collected and channeled into subterranean reservoirs, tanks, or other types of storage. This collected rainwater can subsequently be used for a variety of things, like irrigation, household consumption, cattle irrigation, and groundwater recharge. Harvesting rainwater helps reduce water shortages, particularly in areas with limited access to freshwater sources. It encourages sustainable water management and lessens reliance on outside water sources. Lowering the amount of stormwater runoff also lessens the effects of urban flooding. Rainwater collection is an economical and environmentally responsible alternative that improves water self-sufficiency and resource conservation. To provide water security and resilience in the face of changing climatic conditions, its implementation can be scaled up at both the individual and communal levels.

Floriculture is the cultivation and management of flowers and ornamental plants for commercial purposes. It encompasses the production of a wide range of flowers, including roses, carnations, lilies, chrysanthemums, orchids, and many others. Floriculture is a dynamic industry that caters to various markets, including the floral trade, landscaping, event decorations, and the production of essential oils and perfumes. The cultivation of flowers requires specialized knowledge of plant care, pest control, and flower harvesting techniques. Controlled environments such as greenhouses are often utilized to ensure optimal growing conditions. Floriculture not only contributes to the aesthetic beauty of landscapes and events but also generates substantial economic value. It provides employment opportunities and acts as a source of revenue for farmers, traders, exporters, and florists. Additionally, the industry supports the conservation of floral biodiversity and promotes the sustainable use of natural resources.

A country's central government may adopt a number of initiatives and programs to solve certain problems and offer social benefits to its population. These programs and initiatives are referred to as "central government schemes." These programs seek to advance social progress, economic prosperity, and general well-being. They span a wide range of industries, including agriculture, healthcare, education, infrastructure, employment, and rural development. Subsidies for farmers, measures to promote financial inclusion, healthcare insurance for the poor, skill development programs, housing programs, and employment creation programs are a few examples of central government initiatives. These programs are intended to ensure fair resource distribution, advance socially excluded groups, and promote inclusive development. They are essential in raising the standard of living, advancing socioeconomic equality, and enhancing individuals' quality of life in general.

Slash-and-burn or swidden agriculture, commonly referred to as shifting cultivation, is a farming method typically utilized in forested areas. It entails cutting and burning the vegetation to clear a small plot of land, which is then planted with crops for a few years until the fertility of the soil deteriorates. Following this time, farmers stop working the land and move on to clear a new region, leaving the formerly farmed land to repopulate naturally. Shifting cultivation is mainly used by small-scale subsistence farmers and indigenous populations. Although it adapts to the natural ecosystem and enables the production of a variety of crops, if improperly managed, it can result in deforestation and soil degradation. To safeguard the preservation of forests and long-term food security, efforts are being undertaken to promote sustainable alternatives to shifting agriculture, such as agroforestry and improved land management techniques.

There is a wide variety of crops cultivated worldwide, catering to diverse climatic conditions, soil types, and market demands. Major types of crops include cereals, such as wheat, rice, maize, and barley, which form the staple food for a significant portion of the global population. Pulses, including lentils, chickpeas, and beans, are rich sources of protein. Oilseeds like soybeans, sunflowers, and rapeseed are cultivated for their oil content. Cash crops like cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, and coffee are grown primarily for commercial purposes. Horticultural crops encompass fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Examples include apples, oranges, tomatoes, lettuce, and roses. Industrial crops like rubber, jute, and flax are cultivated for industrial uses. Additionally, there are specialty crops like spices, tea, and cocoa that provide unique flavors and are highly valued in international trade. The choice of crops depends on factors such as climate, soil suitability, market demand, and farming objectives.

Assam, located in northeastern India, is renowned as the largest tea-producing state in the country and one of the world's top tea-growing regions. The state's rich and fertile soil, coupled with its favorable climate and abundant rainfall, creates ideal conditions for tea cultivation. Assam tea is famous for its robust flavor and bright, malty taste, making it highly sought after by tea connoisseurs worldwide. The sprawling tea gardens of Assam, with their picturesque landscapes, contribute significantly to the state's economy and provide employment opportunities for a vast number of people. The tea industry plays a vital role in the socio-cultural fabric of Assam, with tea plantations serving as important social institutions. Each year, Assam produces a substantial amount of tea, establishing itself as a prominent tea-producing state and a global hub for tea production and trade.

Zaid crops, also known as summer or offseason crops, refer to the crops that are grown during the summer season, typically between March and June. These crops play a crucial role in ensuring continuous agricultural production and food security throughout the year. Zaid crops are well-suited to the warmer temperatures and shorter growing periods of the summer season. They include various vegetables like cucumber, watermelon, bitter gourd, pumpkin, and leafy greens such as spinach and amaranth. Some fruits like muskmelon and mango are also considered zaid crops. These crops require careful irrigation and nutrient management due to the higher evaporation rates and increased pest and disease pressure during the summer. Zaid crops provide farmers with an additional source of income and diversify the agricultural production cycle, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient farming system.

Mushroom cultivation is the process of growing mushrooms for commercial or personal consumption. It involves creating a controlled environment that replicates the optimal conditions for mushroom growth. The cultivation process typically begins with selecting the right mushroom species and obtaining mushroom spawn, which is the mycelium-impregnated substrates. These substrates, such as compost, sawdust, or straw, provide the necessary nutrients for mushroom development. The spawn is then mixed with the chosen substrate and placed in a suitable growing container or bed. Proper temperature, humidity, and ventilation are maintained throughout the growing period to ensure successful mushroom growth. Depending on the species, mushrooms can be harvested within a few weeks. Mushroom cultivation offers a sustainable and profitable agricultural venture, as mushrooms are in high demand due to their nutritional value and culinary versatility. It can be done on a small scale or on a larger commercial scale, providing opportunities for farmers and entrepreneurs alike.

Contour farming is an agricultural practice that involves cultivating crops along the natural contours of the land. It aims to minimize soil erosion and conserve water by following the natural slope of the terrain. Farmers create ridges and furrows that run parallel to the contour lines, effectively slowing down the flow of water and preventing it from washing away topsoil. By implementing contour farming, the risk of soil erosion and nutrient loss is significantly reduced, leading to improved soil health and fertility. This practice also helps in conserving water as it allows rainfall to infiltrate the soil rather than running off the surface. Contour farming is particularly beneficial in hilly or sloping areas where erosion is more pronounced. It is a sustainable farming technique that promotes environmental stewardship and contributes to long-term agricultural productivity.

Tractor subsidy are government incentives or financial assistance programs aimed at promoting agricultural mechanization and supporting farmers in acquiring tractors. These subsidies typically involve providing a certain percentage of the tractor's cost as a grant or reducing the interest rate on tractor loans. The objective is to make tractors more affordable and accessible for small and marginal farmers, enabling them to improve productivity, increase efficiency, and reduce labor-intensive tasks. Tractor subsidies play a crucial role in rural development by empowering farmers to adopt modern farming practices and mechanized equipment. By facilitating tractor ownership, these subsidies contribute to agricultural growth, food security, and overall economic development in rural areas.

For tractors used in agricultural operations, the MRL tractor tyres is a high-quality and dependable tyre. It is renowned for its dependability, effectiveness, and adaptability. To endure the large weights and difficult circumstances seen on farms, MRL tractor tyres are made with a sturdy design. Even in difficult terrains, they ensure efficient power transmission from the tractor to the ground by providing outstanding traction. These tyres are designed to lessen soil compaction, so reducing harm to the soil structure and maintaining the land's fertility. MRL tractor tyres also have good self-cleaning qualities that keep mud and debris from accumulating and impairing traction. The long-lasting and wear-resistant MRL tractor tires of MRL make agricultural operations more efficient and productive.